Sister city - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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1057:, its counterpart in the US). In Japan, the international city relations may be split into multiple terms, such as Sister Cities, Friendship Cooperation Cities, Business Partner Cities (BPC), Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), Sister Ports / Friendship Ports, etc. China mostly uses the term "friendship cooperation cities" rather than "sister cities", as the Chinese words for sisters, "姐妹" (reading: jiěmèi, literally elder sister and younger sister), could imply a hierarchical relationship. More recently, Tokyo has begun to actively promote 'city diplomacy' with other global cities at the initiative of its governor1501:

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352:, the earliest formal attempts to establish city diplomacy across national boundaries took place in the 19th century. Only a handful of cities were involved in the 19th-century efforts; it was not until the turn of the millennium that it became much more common. The first priority of those carrying out city diplomacy typically overlaps with the core aims of municipal government – improving the lives of local residents. Yet they will often collaborate with peers in other cities to work on issues of planet-wide concern, such as efforts to1485:

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acknowledged the evolution of town twinning into city diplomacy, particularly in matters of trade and tourism, but also in culture and post-conflict reconciliation. The importance of cities developing "their own foreign economic policies on trade, foreign investment, tourism and attracting foreign

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In the United Kingdom, the term "twin towns" is most commonly used; the term "sister cities" is generally used for agreements with towns and cities in the Americas. In mainland Europe, the most commonly used terms are "twin towns", "partnership towns", "partner towns", and "friendship towns". The

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introduced legislation, the Sister City Transparency Act, to provide federal oversight to mitigate risks of sister city agreements being used for political influence campaigns. In 2024, Indiana banned localities from entering into sister city agreements with six "foreign adversary" countries.

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The purpose of twinnings was then expanded to encourage trade and tourism or to reflect other links, such as towns sharing the same name or migration links. By the 2000s, town twinning became increasingly used to form strategic international business links among member cities, and may include

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also works closely with the commission (DG Education and Culture) to promote modern, high quality twinning initiatives and exchanges that involve all sections of the community. It has launched a website dedicated to town twinning. As of 1995, the European Union had more than 7,000 bilateral

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Throughout history, many cities have participated in various cultural exchanges and similar activities that might resemble a sister-city or twin-city relationship, but the first officially documented case of such a relationship was a signed agreement between the leaders of the cities of

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The Americas, South Asia, and Australasia use the term "sister cities" or "twin cities". In China, the term is 友好城市 (yǒuhǎo chéngshì– friendly cities). Sometimes, other government bodies enter into a twinning relationship, such as the agreement between the provinces of

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The twinning between Coventry and Stalingrad was formalized in 1944 and, after the end of the war, similar links were established to foster friendship and understanding among former foes as an act of peace and reconciliation, with new twinnings between Coventry and German cities:

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in 1956. In 1957, Coventry was officially twinned with Belgrade, even though the link actually dates back to 1953 when then Yugoslav Ambassador visited Coventry and offered a gift of timber from his native country for use in the new Civic Theatre, which when finished was named

156:– had their names embroidered on a tablecloth along with the words "Little help is better than a lot of pity" and sent it, along with money (each donated six pence), to the people of Stalingrad. The tablecloth can now be seen at the Panorama Museum of the Battle of Stalingrad.897:, has five sister cities around the world. They are Brockville, Ontario, Canada (since 1977); Guamúchil, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Mocorito, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1982); Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico (since 1988); and Winterthur, Canton of Zürich, Switzerland.658:

A recent study has concluded that geographical distance has very little, if any, influence upon communities' selections of a twin town. Twinned towns are often chosen because of similarities between them; thus about 15 towns in Wales are twinned with towns in

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Town twinning begins for a variety of reasons. Generally, partner towns have similar demographics and size. They may arise from business connections, travel, similar industries, diaspora communities, or shared history. For example, the partnership between

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Though the term is often used interchangeably with the term "friendship city", this may mean a relationship with a more limited scope in comparison to a sister city relationship, and friendship city relationships are mayor-to-mayor agreements.

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While there are early examples of international links between municipalities akin to what are known as sister cities or twin towns today dating back to the 9th century, the modern concept was first established and adopted worldwide during

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Adoption committee" in March 1945, when the Dutch city was still occupied by the German Army in the final months of the war, and children from each city took part in exchanges in 1945 and 1946. Similarly, in 1947,

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607:, a link that still exists. Since 9 April 1956 Rome and Paris have been exclusively and reciprocally twinned with each other, following the motto: "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris."1046:. From the early 2000s until 2024, the number of China's sister city relationships doubled. More than one-third of Chinese sister city relationships are with sister cities in the east Asia Pacific region.4077:

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1313:, Japan, came close to terminating their twinning in 2013 and 2014 because of an ongoing dispute over Glendale's support for the erection of a statue dedicated to Korean comfort women in a city park.400:

As of 2016, there were over 125 such multilateral networks and forums to facilitate international collaboration between different municipal authorities. A Bill introduced in the 2019 session of the

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uses the term "twinned towns" and refers to the process as "town twinning". Spain uses the term "ciudades hermanadas", which means "sister cities". Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic each use

765:, which has one of the most extensive and efficient tram networks in Germany. With assistance from Karlsruhe's specialist engineers, Nottingham completed its second tram line in 2013. In 2014,414:

Recently, the field of city diplomacy has taken a step beyond city-to-city exchanges to target the facilitation of dialogue between cities and multilateral organs, such as the United Nations.

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that involves discussions between officials and residents of different cities. Often these cities will be located in different countries. As such, city diplomacy involves a sort of

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Kaltenbrunner, Andreas; Aragon, Pablo; Laniado, David; Volkovich, Yana (16 February 2013). "Not all paths lead to Rome: Analysing the network of sister cities".

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3185:"Revealing Sutton's twinning heritage 06.06.11: A set of murals celebrating Sutton's links with its continental twin towns is to be given a new lease of life"4962:

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644:. In the case of Sutton this is in a separate smaller painting (above its main one) showing a beech tree, intended as a symbol of prosperity and from which519:

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Coventry was the first city in the world to twin with another. In 1944 Coventry started a trend that would spread across Europe and the rest of the world.

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The practice was continued after the Second World War as a way to promote mutual understanding and cross-border projects of mutual benefit. For example,

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145:) in 1942, the idea emerged as a way of establishing solidarity links between cities in allied countries that went through similar devastating events.478:

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announced their intention to form a "tuning" partnership based on a shared musical heritage and culture offer, at the initiative of Bristol Mayor

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in 1931. However, the modern concept of town twinning appeared during the Second World War. More specifically, it was inspired by the bombing of

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Within Europe, town twinning is supported by the European Union. The support scheme was established in 1989. In 2003 an annual budget of about

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in Russia holds the record for the largest number of partnership arrangements with other communities. In June 2012, the Scottish village of

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2371:"What is the difference between a Sister City and a Friendship City? | AustinTexas.gov - The Official Website of the City of Austin"1918:

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Relationships between communities can also arise because of shared names; they may be named after one community (as in the case of

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in 1950, and the cities have run a joint Pancake Day race ever since. Littleton, Colorado, twinned with Bega, Australia, in 1961.

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Not only cities and towns, but also provinces, states, territories, and regions enter into twinning agreements. For example, the

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Federal State Budgetary Institution of Culture 'The Battle of Stalingrad' State Historical and Memorial Museum and Heritage Site

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circulated petitions urging California cities and counties with relationships with Russian counterparts to take similar steps.

1105:. These similarities usually arise from sharing the same or related language or having been a colony or previously conquered.622:

relationships involving almost 10,000 European municipalities, primarily French (2837 twinnings) and German (2485 twinnings).

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Town twinning has increasingly been used to form strategic international business links. For example, in the 1990s, when the

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567:. This was initially referred to as an adoption of the French town; formal twinning charters were not exchanged until 1986.344:

that works in parallel to the conventional system involving embassies, ambassadors, and treaties negotiated at the level of

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in 2013, signing the twinning agreement with representatives from the Azerbaijani government; Hungary recognised Shusha as

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has been used to celebrate twin town links, for instance in the form of seven mural paintings in the centre of the town of

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between two geographically and politically distinct localities for the purpose of promoting cultural and commercial ties.

1890:"Telegram from A.R. Grindlay, the mayor of Coventry, to the chairman of the Stalingrad city council of workers' deputies"1908:

1827:"Oldest Sister City Relationship Established Between Toledo, Ohio and Toledo, Spain – Sister Cities International (SCI)"2898:

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1963:"Скатерть из Ковентри - Мей Адамс. Подробное описание экспоната, аудиогид, интересные факты. Официальный сайт Artefact"185:

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cities are twinned with former East German cities; these twinning links were established before the fall of the

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would have legislated for a City and State Diplomacy Act to create a new Office of Subnational Diplomacy at the

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as an act of peace and reconciliation, all three cities having been heavily bombed during the war. The city of

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of each above the other images. Each painting also features a plant as a visual representation of its town's

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3387:"'Using pop culture to assert distinctiveness of place', Japan Local Government Centre, London, March 2011"5546:

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3363:"'Stimulation Project for the Coexistent Animation Industry Cluster in Nerima', Nerima City, January 2009"2865:

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Artwork produced by Japanese and American citizens to celebrate the sister city relationship between

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785:, Tokyo have for several years shared a partnership based on their "co-existent animation industry".377:

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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order

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is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union.

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Recently some towns have made novelty twinning arrangements with fictional or virtual locations.

735:, agreed to twin their municipalities to promote tourism in both places, playing on their names.600:

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4145:"Live: Video shows devastating impact of Russian barrage in Kharkiv, thousands of refugees flee"2962:

2897:. Institute of Geography and Regional Development, University of Wrocław, Poland. Archived from968:, but it became a separate corporation in 1967 due to the growth and popularity of the program.829:

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Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five "leading citizens" on a goodwill mission to

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The twinning of towns and cities is sometimes done for political purposes. The Hungarian city

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said, “Friendship city relations have become one of the important channels to implement the

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organization. Sister city initiatives are an increasingly widespread mechanism for Chinese

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in the UK considered installing a tram network, it consulted experts from its twin city of

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458:(2018), as well as policy-oriented (as opposed to economic and cultural) agreements with4325:

3835:"Tennessee Senator Blackburn urges federal oversight over China's 'Sister City' program"2215:

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Another example of the use of public art is the wall sculpture of the partner cities of

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Le Mans-Paderborn, 836–1994: dans l'Europe, une amitié séculaire, un sillage de lumière

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4047:"Osaka mayor to end sister city status with San Francisco over 'comfort women' statue"3514:

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979:. Many twinned towns developed business agreements with their partners. For example,926:

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in 1944, was the first twinned city in Canada and the second in North America, while

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An English Queen and Stalingrad: The Story Of Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon

632:, Greater London. The five main paintings show a number of the main features of the603:

in 1947 was the first British town to form links with a former "enemy" city –

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19:"Sister cities", "Twin town", and "Partner city" redirect here. For the films, see1989:"World War II commemorations: the story of the Coventry tablecloth and Stalingrad"1018:

380:. In addition to C40, other organisations facilitating city diplomacy include the3907:"Milan severs twin city ties with St Petersburg over 'hom*osexual propaganda' ban"3310:

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1737:: The City of Inverness Town Twinning Committee. 8 December 2008. Archived from1642:

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A twin towns program was instituted in the United States in 1956 when President

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The comradeship between the two cities continued, when again in response to the

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Take your partners – The local authority handbook on international partnerships

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in West Yorkshire, England, had a twinning arrangement with French communities

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2892:"Town-twinning as a factor generating international flows of goods and people"2756:

Take your partners: The local authority handbook on international partnerships

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in Russia and offered the same profit-sharing plan to its Russian employees.

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in 1931, and was the first city in North America to engage in town twinning.

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3959:"Political Notebook: Cities asked to suspend ties with Russian counterparts"1734:

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4015:"'Comfort Women' Statue in San Francisco Leads a Japanese City to Cut Ties"3681:

1799:"I love Volgograd: the enduring wartime relationship with one British city"1325:

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2759:. London: Local Government International Bureau. p.4. Archived from2598:

266:– fraternisation) has been adopted. In Iceland, the terms224:(Czech), which translate as "partner town" or "partner city". France uses5360:

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559:. The first recorded modern twinning agreement was between Keighley and3795:"Turkey blackmails Bulgarian municipalities over the Armenian genocide"2760:

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Roll of the Mayors of Coventry - 1941 Alfred Robert Grindley (Grindlay)

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4249:"Barcelona mayor severs ties with twin city of Tel Aviv, 'apartheid'"3821:

Beijing Rules: How China Weaponized Its Economy to Confront the World

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localities of any scope such as villages, prefectures, or countries.

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4078:"Japan city mayor lodges protest over "comfort women" memorial cost"3035:

2164:(10ed.). Local Government International Bureau. Archived from410:

H.R.3571 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): City and State Diplomacy Act.

359:

The phrase "city diplomacy" is formally used in the workings of the

893:, UK, both centers for primary medical research, twinned in 1967.715:

and Dresden. The first US-German town twinning was in 1947 between

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Alfred Robert Grindlay's telegram to Stalingrad, 16 September 1942

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Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries

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Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries

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in Washington, D.C., honoring Washington's twin relationship with

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meet in September 1969 to kick off their sister city relationship.

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4198:"Coventry Council decides to pause twinning links with Volgograd"1938:"Coventry Telegraph: What is the point of Coventry's twin towns?"1157:

bans partnerships with any city in a country that recognizes the

1147:

city councillors in England to twin with the Palestinian town of

254:("city bond" when providing mutual support). In Greece, the word4109:"Dutch town ends ties with Polish twin declared 'gay-free zone'"3863:"Indiana bans sister-city agreements with 'foreign adversaries'"3839:

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recognized the genocide in 2016, some twin agreements such as

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and education, and a "similar attitude towards food," whereas

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in Ukraine. Moscow had been Prague's partner city since 1995.

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and other university cities. In Italy, two sets of twins are

1683:"Town Twinning in Britain since 1945: A Summary of findings"1199:

after Prague's mayor signed a sister city relationship with

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Town twinning in Europe's municipalities, towns and regions

3418:

Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece

2587:"Genève ambitionne de devenir le hub des réseaux de villes"1339:

council voted unanimously to suspend its relationship with

3619:

Lomová, Olga; Lulu, Jichang; Hála, Martin (28 July 2019).

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3258:"Boring in Oregon votes to pair with Dull in Perthshire"1598:

Council of Local Authorities for International Relations

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Council of Local Authorities for International Relations

242:(twinned municipality). In the Netherlands, the term is137:, culminating in his renowned telegram to the people of4293:"Twinnings for Tomorrow's World – A Practical Handbook"3155:"Murals for Sutton twin towns to get new lease of life"3135:"Murals for Sutton twin towns to get new lease of life"2195:

The Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency

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The earliest known town twinning in Europe was between

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949:, Italy, is due to both cities' long association with703:. Famous examples are the partnerships of Hanover and152:, 830 women in Coventry – led by the subsequent Mayor3938:

Sister Cities Ramp Up Russia Boycott Over Antigay Law

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China's sister city relationships are managed by the

1001:

List of twin towns and sister cities in South America

795:

List of twin towns and sister cities in North America

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3333:"How Bristol could become the New Orleans of the UK"869:, was the second twinned city in the United States.5679:

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5260:

5204:

5171:

5155:

5110:

5077:

5068:

5061:

4976:

4948:

4813:

4763:

4687:

4602:

4541:

4532:

4409:

4366:

4304:

CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions

3563:"Chicago has assembled a sorority of sister cities"3313:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 6 December 2002881:, the capital city of Uzbekistan, was twinned with4045:

3905:

2405:Paradiplomacy: Cities and States as Global Players563:in Nord, France, in 1920 following the end of the3984:"Prague suspends partnership with Russian cities"3947:, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (19 July 2013).2987:(Press release). www.ukprwire.com. Archived from2675:(in French). Le Mans: M. Balavoine. pp.1–422395:

2393:

2391:

3696:"Osaka City Government Economic Strategy Bureau"2185:

2183:

1373:(formerly Stalingrad) and explore twinning with1369:voted to temporarily pause the city's link with1131:, even though it was controlled at the time and230:(jumelage, twinned town or city), and Italy has3892:"Nanjing suspends official contact with Nagoya"2885:

2883:

2434:"Cities Will Determine the Future of Diplomacy"2044:L'Association des Communes Jumelées du Limousin1083:List of twin towns and sister cities in Oceania273:

267:

2782:

2780:

2778:

2461:"Lords Hansard text for 26 Mar 2014 (pt 0001)"1690:School of Geography, University of Southampton1623:List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe1224:suspended their sister city relationship with1179:manages sister city relationships through the1071:List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa619:Council of European Municipalities and Regions534:List of twin towns and sister cities in Europe5035:

4341:

3722:"Tokyo Governor Seeks Better Ties With Seoul"3011:"Bath Alkmaar Twinning Association | ORIGINS"2158:Handley, Susan (2006). Barton, Judith (ed.).1289:, ended the city's 60-year relationship with971:Twin town cultural events include the annual283:

237:

231:

8:

1013:List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia225:

213:

207:

2669:Lelièvre, Jean; Balavoine, Maurice (1994).2482:"Five key lessons for city competitiveness"2153:

2151:

2149:

2147:

1195:canceled its sister city relationship with1097:), they may share names (as in the case of1049:Town twinning is supported in Japan by the617:was allocated to about 1,300 projects. The261:

255:

249:

243:

219:

5074:

5065:

5042:

5028:

5020:

4538:

4348:

4334:

4326:

3542:. Portland Bologna Sister City Association1877:Message from Coventry to Stalingrad (1941)1183:(CPAFCC). In April 2019, CPAFCC president987:Ice Cream company opened a factory in the3236:"A Tale of Dull and Boring Sister Cities"3218:

1722:

1720:

1718:

1716:

1714:

1117:was twinned with the Azerbaijani city of960:proposed a citizen diplomacy initiative.376:talent" has also been highlighted by the36:. For the album by the Wonder Years, see3588:"Sister Cities International Fact Sheet"3208:

3206:

2266:"Tbilisi, Vilnius become brother cities"1676:

1674:

1672:

1670:

1668:

1666:

1664:

1662:

1660:

1658:

1257:Russia's passage of anti-gay legislation925:, Italy arose from shared industries in636:and its four twin towns, along with the278:(friend cities) are used. In the former189:Example of a twinning agreement between4223:"Eugene suspends sister city in Russia"3083:"Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération"2814:"Keighley celebrates twin town jubilee"1875:from the original on 26 December 2004.1654:

1443:Insignia of twin towns on town hall in1418:

1392:due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.937:, Poland began with Chicago's historic16:Agreement between geographical entities3464:"Liberal wins 60th Int'l Pancake race"2890:Furmankiewicz, Marek (21 March 2004).2119:

2117:

964:(SCI) was originally a program of the426:has "sister province" agreements with5227:Conseiller chargé des investissem*nts4139:

4137:

3311:"Pratchett city twins with real town"2842:. www.ghajnsielem.com. Archived from2788:"Town twinning in the UK and Germany"2191:"Action 1 – Measure 1: Town Twinning"1618:Lists of twin towns and sister cities371:. A March 2014 debate in the British7:

5746:

4025:from the original on 23 January 20183957:Bajko, Matthew S. (15 August 2013).3918:from the original on 11 January 20222126:"Twin towns: Do we still need them?"1821:

1819:

1792:

1790:

1763:

1761:

1759:

1101:), or their names may have a common547:, France, in 836. Starting in 1905,4058:from the original on 8 January 20182290:Self-Pierson, Rob (30 April 2012).2241:"Mogilev: Twin Towns – Twin Cities"1948:from the original on 18 June 2018.1854:from the original on 8 April 2011.1324:, voted to end its friendship with1081:For a more comprehensive list, see1069:For a more comprehensive list, see1011:For a more comprehensive list, see999:For a more comprehensive list, see793:For a more comprehensive list, see532:For a more comprehensive list, see365:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group361:United Cities and Local Governments320:From left, mayors Kåre Nordgård of94:a form of legal or social agreement4013:Fortin, Jacey (25 November 2017).3990:. 2 September 2014. Archived from3720:Martin, Alexander (23 July 2014).3650:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).3339:. 27 February 2014. Archived from3285:"Dull and Boring? Sounds exciting"2700:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p.200.1316:In July 2020, the town council of125:on 14 November 1940, known as the14:

5789:Municipal international relations4196:Johnson, Morgan (22 March 2022).4044:Taylor, Adam (25 November 2017).3890:Wang, Chuhan (22 February 2012).2292:"Is there a point to twin towns?"1462:, Bulgaria, twin towns directions1143:. An attempt was made in 2003 by1026:(top) and Kuala Lumpur Avenue in648:in the borough derives its name.482:Column dedicated to Paris in Rome5745:

5734:

5733:

3819:Allen, Bethany (1 August 2023).3561:Leroux, Charles (31 July 2001).3468:United Press International (UPI)2955:"Coventry—Twin towns and cities"2512:"Smart City Expo World Congress"2329:from the original on 16 May 20172245:Mogilev city executive committee1576:

1557:

1533:

1518:

1499:

1483:

1467:

1452:

1436:

1421:

1270:terminated its partnership with973:National Cherry Blossom Festival518:

504:

490:

418:Twinning beyond cities and towns5721:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy4107:Boffey, Daniel (16 July 2020).3793:Gotev, Georgi (15 March 2016).2923:Griffin, Mary (2 August 2011).1395:In February 2023, the mayor of1255:, suspended their links due to1239:In 2013, the Italian cities of1206:In November 2020, U.S. senator707:, both of which have important3768:"Nablus twinning bid rejected"3161:. 12 June 2011. Archived from2732:"France Magazine – Twin Towns"2638:"California-Alberta Relations"2351:. Douzelage. 21 September 20161728:"The Origins of Town Twinning"1354:cut ties with their twin-town1232:statements by Nagoya's mayor,390:Smart City Expo World Congress369:USC Center on Public Diplomacy129:. First conceived by the then1:

2820:. Newsquest Media Group. 20021528:, Israel, a twin towns garden1276:Russian military intervention108:Origins of the modern concept5716:Twin towns and sister cities5007:Partially recognised country4360:twin towns and sister cities2840:"Ghajnsielem.com – Twinning"2620:"International partnerships"1907:Kulishenko, Natalia (2020).1848:"www.historiccoventry.co.uk"1343:as a result of the on-going742:, England is partnered with424:Canadian province of Alberta336:City diplomacy is a form of193:, Italy ('gemellaggio') and78:Hibiscus Coast, South Africa5011:Sister Cities International2868:. www.amazingdusseldorf.com2124:Brown, Tom (31 July 2013).1638:Sister Cities International1379:Russian invasion of Ukraine1360:Russian invasion of Ukraine1345:Russian invasion of Ukraine1328:in eastern Poland, citing "1305:. Similarly, the cities of1173:were terminated by Turkey.1151:in the name of solidarity.1055:Sister Cities International962:Sister Cities International367:, and is recognised by the262:

197:, Germany ('Partnerschaft')5812:

5709:Plenipotentiary Conference2097:"Who are we twinned with?"1913:. Glagoslav Publications.1399:broke ties with twin city1384:In July 2022, the city of1274:and Moscow because of the1230:Nanjing Massacre denialist1135:by the military forces of1080:

1068:

1010:

998:

792:

531:

60:, listing its twin towns:18:

5729:

5004:

4227:KLCC | NPR for Oregonians1942:www.coventrytelegraph.net1293:due to the erection of a966:National League of Cities456:California, United States284:

256:

5699:Parliamentary delegation5578:Diplomatic accreditation5344:African Diplomatic Corps5085:Permanent representative3654:. New Haven and London:3519:Town of Oakville Website2697:War and World Government2220:thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it2040:"What is town twinning?"1869:"www.talkingbirds.co.uk"1603:Cross-border town naming1320:, a Dutch city south of1251:, formerly twinned with1189:Belt and Road Initiative634:London Borough of Sutton444:Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine288:(sworn brother cities).164:as early as in 1947 and5784:International relations5147:Deputy chief of mission5102:Resident representative4287:UK Town Twinning Portal3726:The Wall Street Journal3443:www.vancouverhistory.ca2925:"Coventry's twin towns"2753:Handley, Susan (2006).2409:Oxford University Press2130:BBC East Midlands Today885:, Washington, in 1973.805:Dull, Perth and Kinross759:Nottingham City Council642:environmental awareness511:Sutton twin towns mural464:Missouri, United States342:international relations5593:Diplomatic credentials4700:Bosnia and Herzegovina3943:8 January 2018 at the3287:. KVAL. Archived from2985:"Disney seeks UK twin"1490:Twin town monument in1388:suspended its ties to1303:downtown San Francisco1281:In 2017, the mayor of1109:Political significance1099:Santiago de Compostela1031:

843:

826:

812:

717:Worthington, Minnesota525:The painting of Minden483:

386:City Mayors Foundation354:address climate change333:

274:

268:

250:

244:

238:

232:

226:

220:

214:

208:

198:

135:Alfred Robert Grindlay81:

5184:Resident commissioner5156:Bilateral-subnational3963:The Bay Area Reporter3823:. Harper. p.59.3656:Yale University Press2959:Coventry City Council2818:Telegraph & Argus2694:Crane, Frank (2008).2541:Strong Cities Network2516:www.smartcityexpo.com2075:Coventry City Council1220:In 2012, the city of1139:and the unrecognised1021:

875:Olney, United Kingdom863:Denver, United States847:Toledo, United States832:

820:Los Angeles City Hall818:

803:

497:The painting of Gagny481:

460:Nevada, United States398:100 Resilient Cities.319:

188:

48:

38:Sister Cities (album)5316:Apostolic nunciature5216:Agricultural attaché4175:Doncaster Free Press3994:on 12 September 20143914:. 29 November 2012.3165:on 11 September 20143057:"Twinning with Rome"2650:on 29 September 20182566:100 Resilient Cities2486:World Economic Forum1307:Glendale, California1191:.” In January 2020,1161:. As a result, when958:Dwight D. Eisenhower887:Rochester, Minnesota468:Texas, United States428:Gangwon, South Korea378:World Economic Forum300:in South Korea. The150:Battle of Stalingrad5608:Diplomatic immunity5568:Consular assistance5097:Ambassador-at-large4052:The Washington Post3664:10.2307/jj.115891023489:"Pancake Race 2007"3063:on 5 September 20123015:www.bath-alkmaar.eu2734:. www.francemag.com2050:on 5 September 20132019:www.coventry.gov.uk2015:"Volgograd, Russia"1744:on 31 December 20101586:, Hungary twinnings1474:Twin town signs of1445:Kralupy nad Vltavou1377:instead due to the1335:In March 2022, the1141:Republic of Artsakh989:Republic of Karelia895:Ontario, California731:and the US town of436:Heilongjiang, China406:Department of State394:Strong City Network382:World Cities Summit272:(friend towns) and204:European Commission62:Middelfart, Denmark5666:Letter of credence5628:Diplomatic uniform5623:Diplomatic service5603:Diplomatic illness5598:Diplomatic history5351:Diplomatic mission5268:Diplomatic courier5248:Trade commissioner5111:Bilateral-national4282:Twinning in Europe4253:The Jerusalem Post4151:. 28 February 20224019:The New York Times3843:. 18 November 20203495:on 6 February 20103291:on 22 October 20133093:on 11 October 20072929:Coventry Telegraph2846:on 24 January 20132492:on 19 October 20142411:. pp.10–15,2070:"Belgrade, Serbia"1797:Danks, Catherine.1633:Partnership2Gether1571:twinning agreement1544:, UK – Twin towns1365:On 22 March 2022,1287:Hirofumi Yoshimura1089:Linguistic reasons1032:

1022:Esfahan Street in941:. The twinning of844:

827:

813:

709:trade fair grounds646:Carshalton Beeches484:

334:

326:George M. Sullivan215:miasto partnerskie199:

82:

5779:Cultural exchange5761:

5760:

5671:Letter of protest5639:Persona non grata5573:Consular immunity5371:Exclusive mandate5304:

5303:

5256:

5255:

5221:Chargé de mission5172:Bilateral-insular5136:Chargé d'affaires5123:High commissioner5017:

5016:

4809:

4808:

3774:. 30 October 20033411:"Greek twinnings"3343:on 19 August 20143283:Gambino, Lauren.3234:LeVeille, David.3191:on 25 August 20142707:978-0-559-44381-72591:Tribune de Genève2432:(16 April 2019).2270:Trend News Agency1944:. 2 August 2011.1494:, Sabah, Malaysia1405:Israeli apartheid1337:City of Melbourne1159:Armenian genocide985:Ben & Jerry's899:Oakville, Ontario873:was twinned with855:Vancouver, Canada839:, in sister city330:Anchorage, Alaska131:Mayor of Coventry74:Korsholm, Finland5801:

5749:

5748:

5737:

5736:

5588:Diplomatic cable5366:Protecting power5339:Diplomatic corps5280:Foreign minister5273:King's Messenger5238:Military attaché5233:Cultural attaché5075:

5066:

5044:

5037:

5030:

5021:

4539:

4350:

4343:

4336:

4327:

4322:

4320:

4318:

4312:

4306:. Archived from4297:

4264:

4263:

4261:

4259:

4245:

4239:

4238:

4236:

4234:

4219:

4213:

4212:

4210:

4208:

4193:

4187:

4186:

4184:

4182:

4167:

4161:

4160:

4158:

4156:

4141:

4132:

4131:

4129:

4127:

4104:

4098:

4097:

4095:

4093:

4084:. Archived from4074:

4068:

4067:

4065:

4063:

4049:

4041:

4035:

4034:

4032:

4030:

4010:

4004:

4003:

4001:

3999:

3980:

3974:

3973:

3971:

3969:

3954:

3948:

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3896:

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3831:

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3816:

3810:

3809:

3807:

3805:

3799:www.euractiv.com3790:

3784:

3783:

3781:

3779:

3764:

3758:

3757:

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3753:

3743:

3737:

3736:

3734:

3732:

3717:

3711:

3710:

3708:

3706:

3700:city.osaka.lg.jp3692:

3686:

3685:

3647:

3636:

3635:

3633:

3631:

3616:

3610:

3609:

3607:

3605:

3600:on 24 March 20123599:

3593:. Archived from3592:

3584:

3578:

3577:

3575:

3573:

3558:

3552:

3551:

3549:

3547:

3536:

3530:

3529:

3527:

3525:

3511:

3505:

3504:

3502:

3500:

3491:. Archived from3485:

3479:

3478:

3476:

3474:

3460:

3454:

3453:

3451:

3449:

3435:

3429:

3428:

3426:

3424:

3415:

3407:

3401:

3400:

3398:

3396:

3391:

3383:

3377:

3376:

3374:

3372:

3367:

3359:

3353:

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3348:

3329:

3323:

3322:

3320:

3318:

3307:

3301:

3300:

3298:

3296:

3280:

3274:

3273:

3271:

3269:

3254:

3248:

3247:

3245:

3243:

3231:

3225:

3224:

3222:

3210:

3201:

3200:

3198:

3196:

3181:

3175:

3174:

3172:

3170:

3152:

3150:

3148:

3131:

3125:

3124:

3122:

3120:

3109:

3103:

3102:

3100:

3098:

3089:. Archived from3079:

3073:

3072:

3070:

3068:

3059:. Archived from3053:

3047:

3046:

3044:

3042:

3032:

3026:

3025:

3023:

3021:

3007:

3001:

3000:

2998:

2996:

2981:

2975:

2974:

2972:

2970:

2965:on 12 April 20132961:. Archived from2951:

2945:

2944:

2942:

2940:

2935:on 6 August 20132931:. Archived from2920:

2914:

2913:

2911:

2909:

2903:

2896:

2887:

2878:

2877:

2875:

2873:

2862:

2856:

2855:

2853:

2851:

2836:

2830:

2829:

2827:

2825:

2810:

2804:

2803:

2801:

2799:

2794:. 6 October 20102792:East Street Arts2784:

2773:

2772:

2770:

2768:

2750:

2744:

2743:

2741:

2739:

2728:

2719:

2718:

2716:

2714:

2691:

2685:

2684:

2682:

2680:

2666:

2660:

2659:

2657:

2655:

2649:

2643:. Archived from2642:

2634:

2628:

2627:

2616:

2610:

2609:

2607:

2605:

2583:

2577:

2576:

2574:

2572:

2558:

2552:

2551:

2549:

2547:

2533:

2527:

2526:

2524:

2522:

2508:

2502:

2501:

2499:

2497:

2488:. Archived from2478:

2472:

2471:

2469:

2467:

2457:

2451:

2450:

2448:

2446:

2426:

2417:

2416:

2401:Tavares, Rodrigo2397:

2386:

2385:

2383:

2381:

2367:

2361:

2360:

2358:

2356:

2345:

2339:

2338:

2336:

2334:

2328:

2321:

2313:

2307:

2306:

2304:

2302:

2287:

2281:

2280:

2278:

2276:

2262:

2256:

2255:

2253:

2251:

2237:

2231:

2230:

2228:

2226:

2212:

2206:

2205:

2203:

2201:

2187:

2178:

2177:

2175:

2173:

2155:

2142:

2141:

2139:

2137:

2121:

2112:

2111:

2109:

2107:

2093:

2087:

2086:

2084:

2082:

2066:

2060:

2059:

2057:

2055:

2046:. Archived from2036:

2030:

2029:

2027:

2025:

2010:

2004:

2003:

2001:

1999:

1985:

1979:

1978:

1976:

1974:

1959:

1953:

1952:

1934:

1928:

1927:

1904:

1898:

1897:

1886:

1880:

1879:

1865:

1859:

1858:

1844:

1838:

1837:

1835:

1833:

1823:

1814:

1813:

1811:

1809:

1803:The Conversation1794:

1785:

1784:

1782:

1780:

1765:

1754:

1753:

1751:

1749:

1743:

1732:

1724:

1709:

1708:

1706:

1704:

1698:

1692:. Archived from1687:

1678:

1580:

1561:

1548:, Ethiopia, and1537:

1522:

1503:

1487:

1471:

1456:

1447:, Czech Republic1440:

1425:

1332:" as the reason.1272:Saint Petersburg1253:Saint Petersburg1234:Takashi Kawamura1208:Marsha Blackburn1044:public diplomacy939:Polish community919:Portland, Oregon901:is twinned with822:with twin towns807:is twinned with616:

522:

508:

494:

452:Guangdong, China287:

286:

285:города-побратимы277:

271:

265:

259:

258:

253:

247:

241:

239:comune gemellato235:

229:

223:

221:partnerské město217:

211:

171:Belgrade Theatre92:relationship is5811:

5810:

5804:

5803:

5802:

5800:

5799:

5798:

5764:

5763:

5762:

5757:

5725:

5687:Development aid5675:

5649:

5618:Diplomatic rank5551:

5375:

5356:High commission5300:

5296:Diplomatic rank5284:

5252:

5243:Science attaché5200:

5167:

5151:

5142:Head of mission5106:

5070:

5057:

5048:

5018:

5013:

5000:

4972:

4944:

4805:

4759:

4735:North Macedonia4683:

4598:

4528:

4484:Northern Cyprus4405:

4362:

4354:

4316:

4314:

4310:

4295:

4291:

4273:

4268:

4267:

4257:

4255:

4247:

4246:

4242:

4232:

4230:

4221:

4220:

4216:

4206:

4204:

4195:

4194:

4190:

4180:

4178:

4169:

4168:

4164:

4154:

4152:

4143:

4142:

4135:

4125:

4123:

4106:

4105:

4101:

4091:

4089:

4088:on 4 March 20164076:

4075:

4071:

4061:

4059:

4043:

4042:

4038:

4028:

4026:

4012:

4011:

4007:

3997:

3995:

3982:

3981:

3977:

3967:

3965:

3956:

3955:

3951:

3945:Wayback Machine3935:

3931:

3921:

3919:

3904:

3903:

3899:

3889:

3888:

3884:

3874:

3872:

3871:. 18 March 20243861:

3860:

3856:

3846:

3844:

3833:

3832:

3828:

3818:

3817:

3813:

3803:

3801:

3792:

3791:

3787:

3777:

3775:

3766:

3765:

3761:

3751:

3749:

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3744:

3740:

3730:

3728:

3719:

3718:

3714:

3704:

3702:

3694:

3693:

3689:

3674:

3658:. p.171.3649:

3648:

3639:

3629:

3627:

3618:

3617:

3613:

3603:

3601:

3597:

3590:

3586:

3585:

3581:

3571:

3569:

3567:Chicago Tribune3560:

3559:

3555:

3545:

3543:

3538:

3537:

3533:

3523:

3521:

3513:

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